"Al E. Crocodile" <Al@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote in message
news:AdSdnVPGw-SRqnranZ2dnUVZ_u6rnZ2d@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> why am I not surprised to find your gomer ass here ?
>
> fit right in with the rest of the hillbilly, republican racists don't
you,
>
> so what alias are sordo,stevens,nixon,andy s, gary,olly, and hertz using
> goober ?
>
>
> "mohammit ooadah" <mo@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote in message
> news:fh8sr3pada33hhfi73abnqcj8bqaaktbp2@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>> An' it be's de gubmints fawt dat de cullid genemens got de siffus,
>> dat rite, Bruvva?
>>
>> On Wed, 20 Feb 2008 13:40:11 -0800, "Husband of All FBI n NSA Agents"
>> <HusbandOfAllFBInNSAagents@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> wrote:
>>
>>>
>>>http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmtuskegee1.html
>>>
>>>The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
>>>
>>>The U.S. government's 40-year experiment on black men with syphilis
>>>
>>>by Borgna Brunner
>>>
>>>"The United States government did something that was wrong-deeply,
>>>profoundly, morally wrong. It was an outrage to our commitment to
>>>integrity
>>>and equality for all our citizens... clearly racist."
>>>
>>>-President Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment to
the
>>>eight remaining survivors, May 16, 1997
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service
>>>(PHS)
>>>conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of
syphilis.
>>>These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the
>>>poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were
>>>suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being
>>>treated
>>>for "bad blood," their doctors had no intention of curing them of
>>>syphilis
>>>at all.
>>>
>>>The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the
>>>men,
>>>and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of
>>>tertiary syphilis-which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis,
>>>blindness, insanity, and death. "As I see it," one of the doctors
>>>involved
>>>explained, "we have no further interest in these patients until they
>>>die."
>>>
>>>
>>>Using Human Beings as Laboratory Animals
>>>
>>>The true nature of the experiment had to be kept from the subjects to
>>>ensure
>>>their cooperation. The sharecroppers' grossly disadvantaged lot in life
>>>made
>>>them easy to manipulate. Pleased at the prospect of free medical
>>>care-almost
>>>none of them had ever seen a doctor before-these unsophisticated and
>>>trusting men became the pawns in what James Jones, author of the
>>>excellent
>>>history on the subject, Bad Blood, identified as "the longest
>>>nontherapeutic
>>>experiment on human beings in medical history."
>>>
>>>The study was meant to discover how syphilis affected blacks as opposed
>>>to
>>>whites-the theory being that whites experienced more neurological
>>>complications from syphilis, whereas blacks were more susceptible to
>>>cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge would have changed clinical
>>>treatment of syphilis is uncertain.
>>>
>>>Although the PHS touted the study as one of great scientific merit,
from
>>>the
>>>outset its actual benefits were hazy. It took almost forty years before
>>>someone involved in the study took a hard and honest look at the end
>>>results, re****ting that "nothing learned will prevent, find, or cure a
>>>single case of infectious syphilis or bring us closer to our basic
>>>mission
>>>of controlling venereal disease in the United States."
>>>
>>>When the experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972,
>>>news
>>>anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that "used human
>>>beings
>>>as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it
>>>takes
>>>syphilis to kill someone."
>>>
>>>
>>>A Heavy Price in the Name of Bad Science
>>>
>>>By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of
>>>syphilis,
>>>100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been
>>>infected,
>>>and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. How
had
>>>these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of
science?
>>>
>>>To persuade the community to sup****t the experiment, one of the
original
>>>doctors admitted it "was necessary to carry on this study under the
guise
>>>of
>>>a demonstration and provide treatment." At first, the men were
prescribed
>>>the syphilis remedies of the day-bismuth, neoarsphenamine, and mercury-
>>>but
>>>in such small amounts that only 3 percent showed any improvement.
>>>
>>>These token doses of medicine were good public relations and did not
>>>interfere with the true aims of the study. Eventually, all syphilis
>>>treatment was replaced with "pink medicine"-aspirin.
>>>
>>>To ensure that the men would show up for a painful and potentially
>>>dangerous
>>>spinal tap, the PHS doctors misled them with a letter full of
promotional
>>>hype: "Last Chance for Special Free Treatment." The fact that autopsies
>>>would eventually be required was also concealed.
>>>
>>>As a doctor explained, "If the colored population becomes aware that
>>>accepting free hospital care means a post-mortem, every darky will
leave
>>>Macon County..." Even the Surgeon General of the United States
>>>participated
>>>in enticing the men to remain in the experiment, sending them
>>>certificates
>>>of appreciation after 25 years in the study.
>>>
>>>
>>>Following Doctors' Orders
>>>
>>>
>>>It takes little imagination to ascribe racist attitudes to the white
>>>government officials who ran the experiment, but what can one make of
the
>>>numerous African Americans who collaborated with them? The experiment's
>>>name
>>>comes from the Tuskegee Institute, the black university founded by
Booker
>>>T.
>>>Wa****ngton. Its affiliated hospital lent the PHS its medical facilities
>>>for
>>>the study, and other predominantly black institutions as well as local
>>>black
>>>doctors also participated. A black nurse, Eunice Rivers, was a central
>>>figure in the experiment for most of its forty years.
>>>
>>>promise of recognition by a prestigious government agency may have
>>>obscured
>>>the troubling aspects of the study for some. A Tuskegee doctor, for
>>>example,
>>>praised "the educational advantages offered our interns and nurses as
>>>well
>>>as the added standing it will give the hospital." Nurse Rivers
explained
>>>her
>>>role as one of passive obedience: "we were taught that we never
>>>diagnosed,
>>>we never prescribed; we followed the doctor's instructions!"
>>>
>>>It is clear that the men in the experiment trusted her and that she
>>>sincerely cared about their well-being, but her unquestioning
submission
>>>to
>>>authority eclipsed her moral judgment. Even after the experiment was
>>>exposed
>>>to public scrutiny, she genuinely felt nothing ethical had been amiss.
>>>
>>>One of the most chilling aspects of the experiment was how zealously
the
>>>PHS
>>>kept these men from receiving treatment. When several nationwide
>>>campaigns
>>>to eradicate venereal disease came to Macon County, the men were
>>>prevented
>>>from participating. Even when penicillin-the first real cure for
>>>syphilis-was discovered in the 1940s, the Tuskegee men were
deliberately
>>>denied the medication.
>>>
>>>During World War II, 250 of the men registered for the draft and were
>>>consequently ordered to get treatment for syphilis, only to have the
PHS
>>>exempt them. Pleased at their success, the PHS representative
announced:
>>>"So
>>>far, we are keeping the known positive patients from getting
treatment."
>>>The
>>>experiment continued in spite of the Henderson Act (1943), a public
>>>health
>>>law requiring testing and treatment for venereal disease, and in spite
of
>>>the World Health Organization's Declaration of Helsinki (1964), which
>>>specified that "informed consent" was needed for experiments involving
>>>human
>>>beings.
>>>
>>>Blowing the Whistle
>>>
>>>The story finally broke in the Wa****ngton Star on July 25, 1972, in an
>>>article by Jean Heller of the Associated Press. Her source was Peter
>>>Buxtun,
>>>a former PHS venereal disease interviewer and one of the few whistle
>>>blowers
>>>over the years. The PHS, however, remained unrepentant, claiming the
men
>>>had
>>>been "volunteers" and "were always happy to see the doctors," and an
>>>Alabama
>>>state health officer who had been involved claimed "somebody is trying
to
>>>make a mountain out of a molehill."
>>>
>>>Under the glare of publicity, the government ended their experiment,
and
>>>for
>>>the first time provided the men with effective medical treatment for
>>>syphilis. Fred Gray, a lawyer who had previously defended Rosa Parks
and
>>>Martin Luther King, filed a class action suit that provided a $10
million
>>>out-of-court settlement for the men and their families. Gray, however,
>>>named
>>>only whites and white organizations as defendants in the suit,
****traying
>>>Tuskegee as a black and white case when it was in fact more complex
than
>>>that-black doctors and institutions had been involved from beginning to
>>>end.
>>>
>>>The PHS did not accept the media's comparison of Tuskegee with the
>>>appalling
>>>experiments performed by Nazi doctors on their Jewish victims during
>>>World
>>>War II. Yet in addition to the medical and racist parallels, the PHS
>>>offered
>>>the same morally bankrupt defense offered at the Nuremberg trials: they
>>>claimed they were just carrying out orders, mere cogs in the wheel of
the
>>>PHS bureaucracy, exempt from personal responsibility.
>>>
>>>The study's other justification-for the greater good of science-is
>>>equally
>>>spurious. Scientific protocol had been shoddy from the start. Since the
>>>men
>>>had in fact received some medication for syphilis in the beginning of
the
>>>study, however inadequate, it thereby corrupted the outcome of a study
of
>>>"untreated syphilis."
>>>
>>>
>>>The Legacy of Tuskegee
>>>
>>>In 1990, a survey found that 10 percent of African Americans believed
>>>that
>>>the U.S. government created AIDS as a plot to exterminate blacks, and
>>>another 20 percent could not rule out the possibility that this might
be
>>>true. As preposterous and paranoid as this may sound, at one time the
>>>Tuskegee experiment must have seemed equally farfetched.
>>>
>>>Who could imagine the government, all the way up to the Surgeon General
>>>of
>>>the United States, deliberately allowing a group of its citizens to die
>>>from
>>>a terrible disease for the sake of an ill-conceived experiment? In
light
>>>of
>>>this and many other shameful episodes in our history, African
Americans'
>>>widespread mistrust of the government and white society in general
should
>>>not be a surprise to anyone.
>>>
>>>1. All quotations in the article are from Bad Blood: The Tuskegee
>>>Syphilis
>>>Experiment, James H. Jones, expanded edition (New York: Free Press,
>>>1993).
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>
Are you sure that is not Alley Crackhead ?
--
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