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>> Israel’s 60 years of nuclear proliferation
>> By Jerry Mazza
>>
>>
>>
>> May 13, 2008, 00:19
>>
>> Perhaps it began before 1948, when Israel and Palestine were
partitioned
>> by the UN into two
>> separate but equal states. Perhaps the nuclear notion occurred to David
>> Ben-Gurion and friends
>> in 1945, as they observed two atomic bombs dropped by the US on the
>> Empire of Japan (mostly
>> civilian populations) to end WW II. In fact, the nuclear solution
>> brought about an immediate
>> surrender.
>>
>> In 1948, many highly-skilled Jewish scientists who came to Palestine
>> during the 1930s and
>> 1940s, in particular Dr. Ernst David Bergman, who became the director
of
>> the Israeli Atomic
>> Energy Commission and founder of his new nation’s efforts to develop
>> nuclear weapons, joined in
>> sup****t of Ben-Gurion. Those scientists scoured the Negev Desert for
>> uranium deposits on orders
>> from the Israeli Ministry of Defense. By 1950, low-grade deposits near
>> Beersheba and Sidon were
>> found, and their discoverers worked on a low power system of heavy
water
>> production.
>>
>> After all, Israel, having created itself as a Jewish island in a sea of
>> angry Arabs, must have
>> been impressed by the US bombs. Here was a way for David to slay
>> Goliath, a nuclear slingshot, so powerful that it dared any new
>> Holocaust seekers to attempt another. That nuclear stone,
>> properly aimed, powered and fired, would neutralize the would-be
>> attackers in their own
>> Holocaust, if necessary Thus began the tyranny of the rogue nuclear
>> power while the Goliaths of
>> America and Russia were nuclear arming themselves to the teeth.
>>
>> In fact, as US Army Lt. Col. Warner D. Farr, retired, tells us of this
>> in his must-read 27-page
>> history of Israel’s Nuclear Weapons -- The Third Temple’s Holy of
>> Holies, “As payment for
>> Israeli participation in the Suez Crisis of 1956, France provided
>> nuclear expertise and
>> constructed a reactor complex for Israel at Dimona (Beersheba) capable
>> of large-scale plutonium
>> production and reprocessing. The United States discovered the facility
>> in 1958 and it was a
>> subject of continual discussions between American presidents and
Israeli
>> prime ministers.” A
>> bit of war guilt for the Nazi and Vichy governments was mixed in as
>> well.
>>
>> As Farr re****ts, “Israel used delay and deception to at first keep the
>> United States at bay,
>> and later used the nuclear option as a bargaining chip for a consistent
>> American conventional
>> arms supply. After French disengagement in the early 1960s, Israel
>> progressed on its own,
>> including through several covert operations, to project completion.
>> Before the 1967 Six-Day
>> War, they felt their nuclear facility threatened and re****tedly
>> assembled several nuclear
>> devices. By the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel had a number of
>> sophisticated nuclear bombs,
>> deployed them, and considered using them. The Arabs may have limited
>> their war aims because of
>> their knowledge of the Israeli Nuclear weapons. . . ." And so it goes.
>>
>> With one of the world’s largest nuclear facilities, the actual reactor
>> nested in a deeply set
>> basement, not available for “nuclear opacity,” Israel was on its way to
>> becoming one of the
>> world’s larger nuclear powers and skirting observation. Israel
>> leader****p must have breathed a
>> sigh of relief at this Pandora’s Box gifted them, as if from heaven.
Dr.
>> Bergmann in fact
>> continued to work closely with the newly created Weizman Institute of
>> Science from 1949 on. In
>> fact, they would contribute to France’s development of nuclear weapons,
>> as well, to help it
>> catch up with the US, USSR, UK, and Canada.
>>
>> Of course, by 1958, the Dimona plant, alternately called a manganese
>> and/or textile plant, was
>> photographed by US U-2 spy planes and identified as a likely site of a
>> reactor complex. The
>> French, swarming like ants about the complex, were hard to hide as well
>> in Beersheba, so much
>> so that Charles DeGaulle, France’s president, wanted a promise from
>> Israel not to make nuclear
>> weapons, and to announce the “project” to the world. Before Israel did
>> that, they were
>> preempted by the US State Department announcing the secret plant. Even
>> the NY Times announced
>> on December 21, 1960 that Ben-Gurion was building a 24-megawatt reactor
>> “for peaceful
>> purposes.” Sure it was.
>>
>> This led to a strain in relations between the two nations, with
>> inspections beginning in 1962
>> until 1969. In fact, the US inspectors only saw the buildings above
>> ground, not the many levels
>> underground. The above ground areas had simulated control rooms. Access
>> to the underground
>> plutonium reprocessing plant was kept so secret that elevator entrances
>> to it were actually
>> bricked over, a highly conscious deception that would cause a country
>> like Iran today a great
>> deal of flak, to say the least. In fact, Ben-Gurion continued to talk
>> about peaceful uses of
>> the plant as it sunk deeper into making nuclear weapons. This as Israel
>> dodged the 50’s and
>> 60’s NATO and US nuclear umbrella.
>>
>> The French continued to partner, hand in hand, sharing even nuclear
>> tests and data, the French
>> re****tedly re****pping reprocessed plutonium back to Israel as payback
>> for scientific assistance.
>>
>> 1963-1973, project completion
>>
>> Cutting through this bizarre web (all of which you should read in
Farr’s
>> article), the French
>> continued work with Israel at Dimona, the sole purpose being to use the
>> underground processing
>> plant for one use, and one use only, nuclear weapons. In fact, for
>> accidentally passing into
>> Dimona’s airspace, Israel shot down one of its own Mirage fighters
>> during the Six-Day War and a
>> Libyan airliner in 1973, with 104 passengers on board, when it strayed
>> over the Sinai. Extra
>> heavy water to run the reactor at a higher rate was provided not only
by
>> France, but Norway,
>> while the US provided the uranium for “Operation Plumbat.”
>>
>> After the '67 war, France cut off uranium supplies to Israel; supplies
>> had come from former
>> French colonies, Gabon, the infamous Niger (as in yellowcake), and the
>> Central African
>> Republic. Small quantities of uranium came from Israel’s Negev
phosphate
>> mines, while it bought
>> quantities from Argentina and South Africa. The West Germans had a
front
>> company for high seas
>> transfer, which delivered 200 tons of yellowcake, delivered by the
>> smugglers in 560 sealed oil
>> drums labeled “Plumbat,” which means lead. How clever. The complicity
of
>> these nations remained
>> underground as well, so as not anger the Soviets and Arabs. MOSSAD info
>> on former Nazi then
>> German officials helped with motivation.
>>
>> The first extraction of plutonium, under Prime Minister Levi Eshkol,
>> occurred in 1965. Unfortunately by that time, the Egyptian Air Force
had
>> overflown Dimona and most probably
>> recognized the presence of a nuclear reactor. Additionally, 50 American
>> HAWK anti-aircraft
>> missiles half-ringed the plant. Yet Israel consider Egyptian
overflights
>> of May 16, 1967, as
>> possible pre-strike reconnaissance, one source listing the flights as
>> trip wires that drove
>> Israel to war. Unfortunately, if one has powerful weapons the impulse
is
>> to use or threaten to
>> use them, even if cause needs to be fabricated. Fortunately, Nasser
>> vetoed an Egyptian military
>> plan to attack Dimona at the start of any war. Israel put together two
>> nuclear bombs and 10
>> days later went to war. The nuclear option was being played out.
>>
>> And so it went, through the 60s. Lyndon Johnson was more willing than
>> John Kennedy to look the
>> other way, even as Israel pressed him for A-4E Skyhawks first and F-4E
>> Phantoms later, with an
>> agreement not to use them to deliver nuclear weapons. Sure. The F-4s
>> were delivered on
>> September 5, 1969, with their nuclear capable hardware intact. So it
>> goes. Israel and the world
>> dig themselves deeper into a nuclear hole. See the Farr article for
>> complete details. The next
>> section, from 1974-1999, is called Bringing the Bomb up the Basement
>> Stairs, that is into
>> artillery pieces to fire nuclear shells.
>>
>> By 1976, even the CIA believed that the Israelis were using plutonium
>> from Dimona and had 10 to
>> 20 nuclear weapons available. In 1985, whistleblower Mordechai Vanunu
>> re****ted the number of
>> nuclear fission bombs at 200 or more, with boosted devices, neutron
>> bombs, F-16 deliverable
>> warheads and Jericho warheads. “The Vanunu photos show a sophistication
>> that inferred to the
>> requirement for testing,” comments Farr.
>>
>> Indian Ocean tests?
>>
>> On September 22, 1979, a bright familiar flash in the south Indian
Ocean
>> was seen by an
>> American satellite. It was believed to be a South Africa-Israel joint
>> nuclear test. It was, as
>> Farr re****ts, “according to some, the third test of a neutron bomb. The
>> first two were hidden
>> in clouds to fool the satellite and the third was an accident -- the
>> weather cleared.” Though
>> experts differ on these tests, other writers re****t that scientists at
>> Los Alamos National
>> Laboratory believed it to have been a nuclear explosion. This as a
>> presidential panel decided otherwise.
>>
>> Controversy over possible nuclear testing continues until this day. In
>> June 1998, Farr re****ts,
>> “a Member of the Knesset accused the government of an underground test
>> near Eilat on May 28,
>> 1998. Egyptian ‘nuclear experts’ have made similar charges. The Israeli
>> government hotly denied
>> the claims.”
>>
>> In addition, the Israelis have been interested in American nuclear
>> weapons development data,
>> especially from US intelligence. Farr tells us, “American-born Israeli
>> spy Jonathan Pollard
>> obtained satellite-imaging data of the Soviet Union, allowing Israel to
>> target accurately
>> Soviet Cities [after discovering they, Israel, were on a Soviet target
>> list]. This showed
>> Israel’s intention to use its nuclear arsenal as a deterrent political
>> lever, or retaliatory
>> capability against the Soviet Union itself.
>>
>> “Israel also used American satellite imagery to plan the 7 June 1981
>> attack on the Tammuz-1
>> reactor at Osiraq, Iraq. This daring attack, carried out by eight
F-16’s
>> accompanied by six
>> F-15’s punched a hole in the concrete reactor dome before the reactor
>> began operation (and just
>> days before an Israeli election) . . . The blasts shred the reactor and
>> blew out the dome
>> foundations, causing it to collapse on the rubble. This was the first
>> attack on a nuclear
>> reactor [Itals mine].” So Israel, US, Russia, France, et al, where do
we
>> go from here?
>>
>> Perhaps to Gordon Thomas, re****ting at Globe Intel in his article,
>> Mossad and the Russian Mafia
>> Plutonium Connection, 11/21/03. Here is a sample. You can read the rest
>> . . .
>> <>“Scientists at the European Trans-Uranium Institute at Karlsruhe in
>> Germany, tracking the
>> movements of all fissionable material from the former Soviet Union's
>> nuclear arsenal, have
>> raised suspicions that Mossad has purchased some of the material to
>> allegedly stop it falling
>> into the hands of Islamic and other terror groups.
>>
>> “But there is also the real possibility that Israel has gone into the
>> nuclear black market to
>> buy fissionable material to bolster its own huge nuclear arsenal.
Israel
>> already has one of the
>> world's largest arsenals -- more than capable of decimating all its
Arab
>> neighbors. Its 200
>> nuclear bombs and missiles are stockpiled in the Negev desert.
>>
>> “The suspicion that Israel has also started to buy material stolen from
>> the former Soviet Union
>> surfaced a year ago when a quantity of Uranium-235 was found in the
>> Paris apartment of three
>> criminals known to broker arms deals with terror groups like al-Qaeda.
.
>> . ."
>>
>> So, now we have a Wild East situation, with Israel purchasing nuclear
>> material supposedly to
>> stop it from falling into the hands of Al-Qaeda. It would seem said
>> material is no safer in
>> Israel’s hands than in those of the fictional Al-Qaeda, a CIA brand
name
>> for terror, originally
>> created, funded, and armed to fight the Russians in 1979 in
Afghanistan.
>> Its name was used
>> again in 2001 to describe the patsies for 9/11, those 19 Muslim
>> characters whose presence on
>> the four ill-fated airliners has never been fully validated. This
brings
>> us full circle to
>> Israel’s own participation in 9/11, a story for another day, but a very
>> real story.
>>
>> Bottom line
>>
>> I have not written this article to condemn Israel on its 60th
>> anniversary as a quasi-legal
>> state, quasi to question the UN’s legitimacy to create it, and quasi
for
>> Israel’s subsequent
>> actions to ingest and destroy the Palestinians. My aim is to point out
>> Israel’s own hypocrisy
>> regarding Iran’s possible possession of nuclear capability not just for
>> peacetime power. Beyond
>> the Cold War, it is Israel that has historically been edging us into a
>> worldwide nuclear
>> conflagration; and doing so since 2001 with the hegemonic boobs
>> presently running the USA and
>> sup****ting Israel’s misguided efforts with billions of dollars of aid
>> for arms in the hope that
>> it will keep the Arab world intimidated and give us its oil.
>>
>> I also understand the motivation of the Israeli founders in seeking a
>> nuclear option as a
>> deterrent to another Holocaust. But they have created now what Seymour
>> Hirsch noted as “The
>> Samson Option,” which is to bring down the whole world on our heads to
>> prevent what seems a
>> self-fulfilling prophecy of Holocaust.
>>
>> As a rogue nation, under its own impetus, Israel should invoke its
>> Talmudic and biblical
>> conscience, take a breath, and rethink where they are, who they are,
>> what they are doing, and
>> to whom. The survival of Israel’s Zionist State of Mind should not be
>> contingent on the
>> potential destruction of the world. That is as simply, as
>> compassionately, as reasonably as I can state it. After my voice, will
>> come voices far more strident and ugly, as you can imagine.
>>
>> Trust me. Put aside your arms and put aside your bunker mentality to
>> talk peacefully. Jerry Mazza is a freelance writer living in New York.
>
>
>
One name, Chamberlin. Talk worked out real well for him, didn't it. He
even
got a signed piece of paper.
Frank
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